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The US Army Field Manual 30-31B is Cold War-era hoax conducted by the Soviet intelligence services.〔U.S. House. Hearings Before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. ''Soviet Active Measures''. 97th Congress, 2nd session. July 13, 14, 1982.〕〔U.S. House. Hearings Before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. ''Soviet Covert Action (The Forgery Offense)''. 96th Congress, 2nd session. February 6, 19, 1980.〕〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda )〕 It is an alleged classified appendix to a US Army Field Manual that describes top-secret counter insurgency tactics. In particular, it identifies a "strategy of tension" involving violent attacks which are then blamed on radical left-wing groups in order to convince allied governments of the need for counter-action. It has been called the Westmoreland Field Manual because it is signed with the alleged signature of General William Westmoreland. It was labeled as supplement B (hence "30-31B"), although the publicly released version of FM 30-31 only has one appendix, Supplement A.〔〔〔〔 The U.S. government and academic sources describe the document as a forgery. The document first appeared in Turkey in the 1970s, before being circulated to other countries. It was also used at the end of the 1970s to implicate the Central Intelligence Agency in the Red Brigades' kidnapping and assassination of former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro.〔 == History == An alleged appendix to F.M. 30-31 was first mentioned in the Turkish newspaper ''Barış'' (sometimes anglicized to ''Barish''), in 1975.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title = Top Secret, Documentos secretos del Pentágono (FM 30-31 B) )〕 A facsimile copy of F.M. 30-31B first appeared a year later in Bangkok, Thailand,〔 and in various capitals of Northern Africa.〔 In 1978, it appeared in various European magazines, including the Spanish ''Triunfo'' and ''El Pais''.〔〔 The Italian press picked up the ''Triunfo'' publication, and a copy was published in the October 1978 issue of ''L'Europeo''.〔 A wide range of Field Manuals including 31-15 can be accessed through web sites that catalog the obsolete US Field Manuals. The supposed supplement B is not among the field manuals published by the military. The "Westmoreland Field Manual" was mentioned in at least two parliamentary commissions reports of European countries, one about the Italian Propaganda Due masonic lodge,〔 ''(Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sulla loggia massonica P2 )'' (: ''Allegati alla Relazione'' Doc. XXIII ), n. 2-quater/7/1 Serie II, Vol. VII, Tomo I, Roma 1987, pp. 287-298〕 and one about the Belgian stay-behind network. The latter says that "the commission has not any certainty about the authenticity of the document".〔 〕 At a 1980 hearing of the House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee of Oversight, CIA officials testified that the documents was a singularly effective forgery by the KGB and an example of Soviet covert action. According to Elizabeth Pond of the ''Christian Science Monitor'', in discussing the relative effectiveness of "disinformation", "forgeries ... have been used by the Soviets since soon after the 1917 revolution."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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